威爾斯熱門旅遊提案

'威爾士'，在臺灣與港澳譯為'威爾斯'或'威路士'，位於大不列顛島西南部，為英國的構成國之一，東界英格蘭，西臨聖喬治海峽，南面布里斯托爾灣，北靠愛爾蘭海，首府和最大城市為卡地夫，官方人口數據包括了其建成區和卡迪夫灣周圍的珀納斯和以及上游的卡菲利和龐特普里斯。是威爾士最大的都會圈。 威爾士發現的最早的人類遺骸是尼安德塔人的顎骨，發現於北威爾士埃爾威河谷，大約在23萬年前的舊石器時代後期。威爾士的凱爾特人在羅馬帝國時期曾被羅馬人統治，但並未被盎格魯薩克遜人征服過。在中世紀時，威爾士曾有眾多凱爾特系小部族國家。威爾士人長期以來都對外來侵略進行頑強抵抗。1216年，威爾士公國初步形成。1282年後，威爾士被置入英格蘭的支配之下。 1536年，威爾士和英格蘭簽署《英威聯合法案》，威爾斯自此正式和英格蘭統合。威爾士雖然和英格蘭統合，但始終有很多威爾士人不認為自己是英格蘭人。1997年，威爾士通過國民投票決定設立自己的議會。 威爾斯國旗的設計於1959年正式起用，上白下綠，紅色飛龍在國旗的中央。雖說紅色飛龍的起源眾說紛雲，但估計有上千年歷史，最為廣人所知的說法是：紅色飛龍在威爾斯被羅馬帝國佔領時期已經出現。 羅馬帝國在公元43年至410年間統治威爾斯的末期，威爾斯經常受外敵入侵，時有戰爭，當時的僱傭兵撒克遜人亦曾倒戈相向。而時任負責抵抗撒克遜人的羅馬騎士軍，據傳就是以飛龍作徽章，且把飛龍繡在軍旗之上。即使羅馬帝國衰落後，經過數百年統治，英國軍隊仍然可見繼承了不少羅馬軍裝的特色，例如威爾斯就保留那龍口大開吹出強風，擁有兇惡形象的飛龍徽章。 威爾斯地圖 威爾斯在大不列顛島的西南部，由半島和近海島嶼組成，最大島是安格爾西島，威爾斯東面與英格蘭為邊界，另外三面環海：西臨聖喬治海峽與卡迪根灣，南面布里斯托爾灣，北靠愛爾蘭海。全長274公里，寬97公里，總面積2萬0,779平方公里。擁有超過1,200公里長的海岸線。 威爾斯是多山地形，主要分佈在三個區域：西北的斯諾登尼亞地區、威爾斯中部的坎布里安山脈、南部的佈雷肯。威爾斯山區是過去的冰河時期所形成的特殊地形。斯諾登尼亞地區的斯諾登山是威爾士的最高峰，海拔1,085米，相對高度1,038米，也是英國第三高山，不列顛群島第四高山。 英國最長的河流塞文河源自威爾斯的坎布里安山脈。 人口 截止2019年，威爾士人口為3,152,879。 行政區劃 * 1965年，當時有13郡： # 蒙茅斯郡 # 格拉摩根郡 # 卡馬森郡 # 彭布魯克郡 # 卡迪根郡 # 布雷克諾克郡 # 雷德諾郡 # 蒙哥馬利郡 # 丹比夫郡 # 弗林特郡 # 麥里昂斯郡 # 卡那封郡 # 安格魯西郡 * 1974年，格拉摩根郡分為三郡，11郡合為4郡，格溫特郡不變；形成8郡： # 蒙茅斯郡 # 南格拉摩根郡 # 中格拉摩根郡 # 西格拉摩根郡 # 達費德郡 # 波厄斯郡 # 格溫內斯郡 # 克盧伊德郡 * 目前分為22一元行政單位，其中包括郡、城市郡、郡級自治市鎮 順序 行政區名稱 面積 人口 密度 1. 梅瑟蒂德菲爾† 111 55,600 501 / km² 2. 卡菲利† 278 171,800 618 / km² 3. 布萊諾格溫特† 109 69,200 635 / km² 4. 託爾芬† 126 91,100 723 / km² 5. 蒙茅斯郡 850 88,200 104 / km² 6. 紐波特/新港* 190 140,200 738 / km² 7. 卡地夫* 140 321,000 4,392 / km² 8. 格拉摩根谷† 335 124,000 370 / km² 9. 布里真德† 246 133,900 544 / km² 10. 朗達卡農塔夫† 424 233,700 551 / km² 11. 下塔爾波特港† 442 137,400 331 / km² 12. 斯旺西* 378 228,100 601 / km² 13. 卡馬森郡 2,395 179,500 75 / km² 14. 錫爾迪金 1,795 77,800 43 / km² 15. 波厄斯 5,196 132,000 25 / km² 16. 域斯鹹† 498 131,900 265 / km² 17. 弗林特郡 438 150,500 344 / km² 18. 登比郡 844 97,000 115 / km² 19. 康威† 1,130 111,700 99 / km² 20. 格溫內斯 2,548 118,400 46 / km² 21. 安格爾西島 714 69,000 97 / km² 22. 彭布魯克郡 1,590 117,900 74 / km² 在過去的250年裡，威爾士首先從一個以農業為主的國家轉變為工業化國家，現在又是一個後工業化經濟體。 威爾士擁有比較優越商業環境，其一定程度上先進的科技與現代的技術蘊藏著商機。一項調查數據顯示，威爾士製造業的生產力比全不列顛島的平均數字高出大約8.6%，僅次於英格蘭的政府特區。 雖然，經過第一次工業革命以來長達幾世紀的發展，威爾士經濟結構經歷了數次重大的產業調整。在服務業逐漸成為主導產業的同時，威爾士還保留著農業和高技術製造業等核心產業，並形成了一定的國際競爭優勢。為了突破產業結構的特點，進一步優化產業機構，提高競爭力。威爾士對海外企業家投資的產業領域也有一定的規定，主要鼓勵投資的行業為軟件和硬件的開發和製造、通訊裝備開發和製造、微處理器和微型芯片研發和製造業、消費電子產品開發和製造業、高科技製造業、生物技術產業、航空和航天以及汽車製造業等。 克魯斯琴是威爾斯最古老的傳統樂器之一。 中世紀威震歐洲的英格蘭長弓緣起於威爾斯，由威爾斯傳到整個英格蘭，變成英格蘭軍隊的主力武器。 體育 * 威爾斯足球代表隊 * 威爾士橄欖球隊 教育 *威爾斯大學 * 南威爾士大學 * 卡迪夫大學 * 卡迪夫都會大學 * 阿伯里斯特威斯大學 * 班戈大學 * 斯旺西大學 * 雷克斯漢姆格林多大學 書村 英國人 Richard Booth 於1960 年代在威爾斯的城鎮海怡前後開設 6 間書店，小鎮上有 10 萬本書的供應或流動，搖身一變成為全球二手書之都，吸引眾多書商。Booth 的成功，啟發世界各地掙扎求存的農村社區自我改造為書城或書村 ，希望能吸引遊客，從而帶動他們的經濟。 相關郵票 廣播 * '電視' * BBC威爾士，總部在首府卡迪夫 * ITV威爾斯&西，總部在首府加地夫郊區 * S4C，總部在首府加地夫，屬於第四頻道管理局 * '電臺' * 英國廣播公司英語威爾斯 * BBC電臺Cymru * 國家廣播電臺 * 錫爾迪電臺，設在亞伯里斯威斯 * 斯溫西之音，範圍在斯溫西及南威爾斯 * 102.1斯溫西灣電臺，設在尼斯 * FM96.4 * FM103.2 & 97.4 * 時事廣播，在首府卡迪夫 * 加地夫電臺 * 黃金電臺，在首府卡迪夫 報紙 * * * Arriva威爾士鐵路的一輛列車 從英格蘭到威爾士的第二塞文河大橋 卡迪夫機場的航站樓 鐵路 * 北威爾斯海岸線 * * - 屬於南威爾斯主幹線的支線。 * - 卡迪夫至南威爾斯谷地各城鎮的城市軌道，共有8條主線，2條周邊路線。 * 泰爾依鐵道 - 歷史鐵道。 公路 * 高速公路，大部分在南威爾斯： * M4高速公路：東-西向，由威爾士卡馬森郡至英格蘭倫敦，全長305公里，威爾斯境內約133公里，有27個匝道路口。 * ︰東-西向，由威爾士蒙茅斯郡至英格蘭格洛斯特郡南，全長19.3公里。 * ︰東-西向，由威爾士卡迪夫經紐波特最後至St Mellons，全長3.2公里，這也是唯一一條完全在威爾斯的高速公路。 * 主要道路： * ︰東南-西北向，由英格蘭西敏至北威爾斯安格爾西島。 * ︰東-西向，由英格蘭切斯特至北威爾斯安格爾西島，全長141公里。 * ︰南-北向，由南威爾斯卡地夫灣至北威爾斯康威的蘭迪德諾，全長299公里。 * ︰東-西向，由南威爾斯下塔爾波特港的Llandarcy至英格蘭赫裡福德郡的Bromyard，全長66公里。 * ︰南-北向，由弗林特郡的Queensferry至圭內德的多爾蓋萊，全長58公里，皆在北威爾斯。 機場 威爾斯擁有兩座客運機場，一南一北；南部為卡地夫國際機場，是威爾斯唯一的國際機場，有四分之三的旅客經由此機場從威爾斯往返世界各地；北部為，為英國國內線的機場，規模與市場較小。 港口 在威爾斯，米爾福德港是石油產品的主要運輸港口；新港為鋼鐵運輸最繁忙的港口；塔爾伯特港則是礦石的運輸港口，運礦噸量在英國排名第三。以下為威爾斯各港口依2005年的港口吞吐量所佔的比例： * 米爾福德港- 63.7 ％ * 塔爾伯特港- 14.5 ％ * 霍利黑德- 7 ％ * 新港- 6.7 ％ * 卡迪夫- 4.2 ％ * 斯旺西- 1.2 ％ * 菲什加德- 0.9 ％ * 巴里- 0.8 ％ * 尼思- 0.7 ％ * Mostyn - 0.3 ％ 哈勒赫城堡 哈勒赫城堡在1986年就入選世界遺產名錄，它是在愛德華一世統治期間修建的一系列的城堡之一，作為威爾斯最著名的城堡之一，哈勒赫城堡也是一處歷史悠久的名勝古蹟。在愛德華一世的第二次戰役中，哈勒赫城堡應運而生。它是圍繞在斯諾多尼亞海岸邊緣上的鐵環城堡中的一部分。該鐵環是用來避免該地區再次成為叛亂的集中地而建造的，它還是一個永久性的防禦工地。在威爾士要塞城堡亞貝雷被攻克後，在1283年4月，愛德華國王的力量達到了哈勒赫，幾乎在同時建築工程也就開始了。 國家圖書館 威爾士國家圖書館是威爾士最大的圖書館，位於阿伯里斯特威斯。它藏有威爾斯境內出版的每一本書籍。

'格溫內斯'是英國威爾士西北部的一個郡，面積共2,548平方公里，人口為121,900人，是威爾士面積第二大和人口最少的政區。首府為班戈，境內擁有班戈大學。 * 足球運動員韋恩·軒尼斯 * 阿拉伯軍官托馬斯·愛德華·勞倫斯 * 政治家大衛·勞合·喬治 * 歌手黛菲 * 歌唱家布萊恩·特菲爾

'蒙茅斯郡'，是威爾斯東南部的一個郡，源於歷史上的同名的舊蒙茅斯郡，大約佔其固有面積的東部60%。最大的城鎮為阿勃蓋文尼，其他主要的城鎮有卡爾地括特、切普斯托及郡治所在地蒙茅斯。 歷史上的蒙茅斯郡是根據1535年的《威爾士法》從威爾士邊區演變而來，東面與格洛斯特郡接壤，東北與赫裡福德郡接壤，北面與布雷克諾克郡接壤，西面與格拉摩根接壤。1542年的《威爾斯法律法令》再次列舉了威爾斯的各郡，並省略了蒙茅斯郡，意味著該郡不再被視作威爾斯的一部分。然而，此後威爾士已被合併成為英格蘭王國的一部分，這種差別並沒有什麼實際意義。 幾個世紀以來，英格蘭議會的法案經常提到 "威爾士'和'蒙茅斯郡"。然而，1974年4月生效的《1972年地方政府法》確認該郡為威爾士的一部分，同時取消了蒙茅斯郡的行政縣及其相關的郡。其大部分地區被轉移到一個新的地方政府和禮儀郡，稱為格溫特郡，其東部和南部的邊界與歷史上的郡、懷伊河和塞汶河口的邊界相同。原蒙茅斯郡的西部五分之二的地方，現在由其他威爾士的單位制政府管理：包括Blaenau Gwent、Torfaen、Caerphilly和Newport。 目前的蒙茅斯郡單一管轄區是1996年4月1日成立的，是作為蒙茅斯地區的繼承者，與Blaenau Gwent的Llanelly社區一起，這兩個地區都是Gwent的地區。該地區使用 "Monmouthshire "而不是 "Monmouth "這個名字是有爭議的，得到了Monmouth議員Roger Evans的支持，但遭到了Torfaen議員Paul Murphy的反對。 郡政府在阿斯克的Coleg Gwent, Usk的舊址上建了一座新的議會總部大樓。 2011年9月獲得規劃許可。 阿斯克的新縣政府大廳於2013年啟用。 與1974年以前的地區相比，它所涵蓋的地區有：前阿貝格文尼和蒙茅斯區、前蒙茅斯城區、前阿貝格文尼農村區、切普斯托和蒙茅斯農村區的農村區、龐蒂普前農村地區，但Llanfrechfa Lower社區除外、和拉納利教區。

'波伊斯'是英國威爾士東部的一個郡，為威爾士最大的行政區，地形以山地為主，首府為蘭德林多德威爾斯，北部和格溫內斯、登比、雷克瑟姆接壤，西部和錫爾迪金和卡馬森接壤，東部和英格蘭的什羅普和赫裡福德接壤，南部和卡菲利、梅瑟蒂德菲爾、朗達卡嫩塔夫、布萊耐格溫特、蒙茅斯和下塔爾波特港接壤，面積共1,590平方公里，人口為122,400人，30.1％的人使用威爾士語。不列顛島最長河流塞文河發源於此。

安格爾西島郡的位置 '安格爾西郡'，是英國威爾士西北部一島嶼，隔梅奈海峽與大不列顛島相鄰，面積715平方公里，人口69,751人，語言主要是威爾士語。安格爾西島是威爾士第一大島，也是英國第五大島，以及愛爾蘭海第二大島。

'Conwy' , previously known in English as 'Conway', is a walled market town, community and the administrative centre of Conwy County Borough in North Wales. The walled town and castle stand on the west bank of the River Conwy, facing Deganwy on the east bank. The town formerly lay in Gwynedd and prior to that in Caernarfonshire. The community, which also includes Deganwy and Llandudno Junction, had a population of 14,753 at the 2011 census. Although the community of Conwy straddles the River Conwy, for postal purposes the areas on the east bank form part of the post town of Llandudno Junction, with the Conwy post town being confined to west bank of the river. The ward on the west bank of the river had a population of 4,065 at the 2011 census. The resident population of the wider Conwy County Borough was estimated to be 116,200 in an ONS-estimate. The name 'Conwy' derives from the old Welsh words 'cyn' and 'gwy' , the river being originally called the 'Cynwy'. "Castle and suspension bridge", . Castle and town walls town walls.|alt= Conwy Castle and the town walls were built, on the instructions of Edward I of England, between 1283 and 1289, as part of his conquest of the principality of Wales. The church standing in Conwy has been marked as the oldest building in Conwy and has stood in the walls of Conwy since the 14th century. However, the oldest structure is part of the town walls, at the southern end of the east side. Here one wall and the tower of a 'llys' belonging to Llywelyn the Great and his grandson Llywelyn ap Gruffydd have been incorporated into the wall. Built on a rocky outcrop, it has a prominent apsidal tower. The walls are part of a World Heritage Site, Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd. People born within the town walls of Conwy are nicknamed "Jackdaws", after the jackdaws which live on the walls there. A Jackdaw Society existed until 2011. The population of the town in 1841 was 1,358. Abbey Conwy was the original site of Aberconwy Abbey, founded by Llywelyn the Great. Edward and his troops took over the abbey site and moved the monks up the Conwy valley to a new site at Maenan, establishing Maenan Abbey. The parish church St Mary & All Saints still retains some parts of the original abbey church in the east and west walls. Suspension bridge Conwy has other tourist attractions. Conwy Suspension Bridge, designed by Thomas Telford to replace the ferry, was completed in 1826 and spans the River Conwy next to the castle. Telford designed the bridge's supporting towers to match the castle's turrets. The bridge is now open to pedestrians only and, together with the toll-keeper's house, is in the care of the National Trust. Railway bridge The Conwy Railway Bridge, a tubular bridge, was built for the Chester and Holyhead Railway by Robert Stephenson. The first tube was completed in 1848, the second in 1849. The bridge is still in use on the North Wales Coast Line, along with the station, which is located within the town walls. In addition to a modern bridge serving the town, the A55 road passes under the river in a tunnel, Britain's first immersed tube tunnel, which was built between 1986 and 1991. The old mountain road to Dwygyfylchi and Penmaenmawr runs through the Sychnant Pass, at the foot of Conwy Mountain. Aberconwy House The National Trust owns Aberconwy House, which is Conwy's only surviving 14th-century merchant's house, one of the first buildings built inside the walls of Conwy. Plas Mawr Plas Mawr Plas Mawr is an Elizabethan house built in 1576 by the Wynn family, which has been extensively refurbished to its 16th-century appearance and is now in the care of Cadw and open to the public. Smallest house in Great Britain The smallest house in Britain. The house named in the Guinness Book of Records as the Smallest House in Great Britain, with dimensions of 3.05 × 1.8 metres, can be found on the quay. It was in continuous occupation from the 16th century until 1900 when the owner was forced to move out on the grounds of hygiene. The rooms were too small for him to stand up in fully. The house is still owned by his descendants today, and visitors can look around it for a small charge. Vardre Hall Vardre Hall is a 19th-century Grade II listed building directly opposite to Conwy Castle. It was erected by Conservative Buckinghamshire MP William Edward FitzMaurice in the mid 1850s. In 1869 the building was sold to solicitor William Jones. The building was used as a solicitor's office until 1972, when it was bought out and became The Towers Restaurant. After lying empty for a number of years Vardre Hall changed hands again, and in 1999 was refurbished as a shop. Medieval watchtower Across the estuary is Bodysgallen Hall, which incorporates a medieval tower that was possibly built as a watch tower for Conwy Castle. Conwy Morfa, a marshy spit of land on the west side of the estuary, was probably the location where golf was first played on Welsh soil. It was also the place where Hugh Iorys Hughes developed, and later built, the floating Mulberry Harbour, used in Operation Overlord in World War II. Conwy Hospital closed in 2003 and has since been demolished. View of the station in March 2008 Conwy railway station opened in 1848. It is located on the North Wales Coast Line, between Crewe and Holyhead. There are through services westbound to Bangor and Holyhead. Eastwards, services travel to Chester, via Colwyn Bay, Rhyl, Prestatyn and Flint; after arrival at Chester, most trains go forward to either Crewe, Cardiff or Birmingham International. Services are operated by Transport for Wales. Bus services in Conwy are operated mostly by Arriva Wales, with some by Llew Jones Coaches. Routes link the town with Bangor, Caernarfon and Llandudno. A lifeboat station was established by the RNLI in 1966 and currently operates the D-class inshore lifeboat, the 'May-Bob', . Conwy Guildhall A Conwy electoral ward exists for elections to Conwy County Borough Council. The ward extends west of the River Conwy only with a total population of 4,065. The other county wards within the Conwy community are Deganwy, Marl and Pensarn. Conwy also has a town council, based at Conwy Guildhall, comprising 17 town councillors elected from the five community wards of Aberconwy, Castle, Deganwy, Marl and Pensarn. Administrative history Conwy was an ancient borough. Unlike most such boroughs, it was not reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and so the old borough corporation continued to exist and run the town. By 1876 the borough corporation was seen as an archaic and unaccountable impediment to the proper management of the town. The town's residents organised a petition to convert the town into a municipal borough with an elected corporation to take responsibility for public health and local government. A royal charter incorporating the town as a municipal borough was issued in December 1876, and the new borough corporation took over the running of the town from March 1877. The municipal borough boundary included land on both sides of the river, covering the parish of Conwy and parts of the parishes of Gyffin and Dwygyfylchi on the west bank, and part of the parish of Eglwys Rhos on the east bank. The urban parishes within the borough boundary were reorganised in 1894 to comprise Conwy and Gyffin on the west bank and Llanrhos on the east bank. In 1972 the borough council voted to change the spelling of the town's name from "Conway" to "Conwy". The change was agreed by the Secretary of State for Wales and took effect on 1 August 1972. The municipal borough was abolished in 1974, with the area becoming part of the Aberconwy district in the new county of Gwynedd. A community called Conwy was established at the same time covering the area of the former borough. Further local government reorganisation in 1996 saw Aberconwy abolished and the town transferred to the new Conwy County Borough, named after the town but covering a much larger area. Images showing changes over time File:Conway Castle from the e 1795.jpg|Conwy castle before the bridge was built, 1795 File:Conway Town and Castle.jpeg|Conway Town and Castle, 1800 File:Conway Castle - from the wood opposite.jpeg|'Conway Castle: from the wood opposite', 1823 File:Conway Castle N. Wales.jpeg|Conwy Castle, 1838 File:Conway Bridge .jpeg|Conway Bridge and Castle ca 1840 File:Conway Bridge and Castle, North Wales.jpeg|The river bank at Conwy with the castle and bridge in the background ca 1850 File:The Town Of Conway - Its Church, Plas Mawr, Wall, Tower, &c, as seen from the battlement of the castle.jpeg|Conway c.1850 File:Conway Bridge & Castle.jpeg|'Conway Bridge & Castle' ca 1850 File:Conwymap1947.png|Map of Conwy from 1947 File:Conwy Castle - bridge view.jpg|Conwy Castle - bridge view 2007 File:Conwy bridges.jpg|Conwy bridges in 2012 File:Mock Tudor in Conwy.jpg|Mock Tudor in Conwy- taken on January 14 2022

'錫爾迪金'是英國威爾士的一個郡，瀕臨卡迪根灣，面積為，於愛德華一世征服威爾士後所設，人口共75,900人，52％的居民使用威爾士語，境內擁有阿伯里斯特威斯大學和威爾士國家圖書館。

'Carmarthenshire' is a county in the south-west of Wales. The three largest towns are Llanelli, Carmarthen and Ammanford. Carmarthen is the county town and administrative centre. The county is known as the "Garden of Wales" and is also home to the National Botanic Garden of Wales. Carmarthenshire has been inhabited since prehistoric times. The county town was founded by the Romans, and the region was part of the Kingdom of Deheubarth in the High Middle Ages. After invasion by the Normans in the 12th and 13th centuries it was subjugated, along with other parts of Wales, by Edward I of England. There was further unrest in the early 15th century, when the Welsh rebelled under Owain Glyndŵr, and during the English Civil War. Carmarthenshire is mainly an agricultural county, apart from the southeastern part which was once heavily industrialised with coal mining, steel-making and tin-plating. In the north of the county, the woollen industry was very important in the 18th century. The economy depends on agriculture, forestry, fishing and tourism. West Wales was identified in 2014 as the worst-performing region in the United Kingdom along with the South Wales Valleys with the decline in its industrial base, and the low profitability of the livestock sector. Carmarthenshire, as a tourist destination, offers a wide range of outdoor activities. Much of the coast is fairly flat; it includes the Millennium Coastal Park, which extends for ten miles to the west of Llanelli; the National Wetlands Centre; a championship golf course; and the harbours of Burry Port and Pembrey. The sandy beaches at Llansteffan and Pendine are further west. Carmarthenshire has a number of medieval castles, hillforts and standing stones. The Dylan Thomas Boathouse is at Laugharne. Stone tools found in Coygan Cave, near Laugharne indicate the presence of hominins, probably neanderthals, at least 40,000 years ago, though, as in the rest of the British Isles, continuous habitation by modern humans is not known before the end of the Younger Dryas, around 11,500 years BP. Before the Romans arrived in Britain, the land now forming the county of Carmarthenshire was part of the kingdom of the Demetae who gave their name to the county of Dyfed; it contained one of their chief settlements, Moridunum, now known as Carmarthen. The Romans established two forts in South Wales, one at Caerwent to control the southeast of the country, and one at Carmarthen to control the southwest. The fort at Carmarthen dates from around 75 AD, and there is a Roman amphitheatre nearby, so this probably makes Carmarthen the oldest continually occupied town in Wales. Carmarthenshire has its early roots in the region formerly known as 'Ystrad Tywi' and part of the Kingdom of Deheubarth during the High Middle Ages, with the court at Dinefwr. After the Normans had subjugated England they tried to subdue Wales. Carmarthenshire was disputed between the Normans and the Welsh lords and many of the castles built around this time, first of wood and then stone, changed hands several times. Following the Conquest of Wales by Edward I, the region was reorganized by the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 into Carmarthenshire. Edward I made Carmarthen the capital of this new county, establishing his courts of chancery and his exchequer there, and holding the Court of Great Sessions in Wales in the town. The Normans transformed Carmarthen into an international trading port, the only staple port in Wales. Merchants imported food and French wines and exported wool, pelts, leather, lead and tin. In the late medieval period the county's fortunes varied, as good and bad harvests occurred, increased taxes were levied by England, there were episodes of plague, and recruitment for wars removed the young men. Carmarthen was particularly susceptible to plague as it was brought in by flea-infested rats on board ships from southern France. In 1405, Owain Glyndŵr captured Carmarthen Castle and several other strongholds in the neighbourhood. However, when his support dwindled, the principal men of the county returned their allegiance to King Henry V. During the English Civil War, Parliamentary forces under Colonel Roland Laugharne besieged and captured Carmarthen Castle but later abandoned the cause, and joined the Royalists. In 1648, Carmarthen Castle was recaptured by the Parliamentarians, and Oliver Cromwell ordered it to be slighted. The first industrial canal in Wales was built in 1768 to convey coal from the Gwendraeth Valley to the coast, and the following year, the earliest tramroad bridge was on the tramroad built alongside the canal. During the Napoleonic Wars there was increased demand for coal, iron and agricultural goods, and the county prospered. The landscape changed as much woodland was cleared to make way for more food production, and mills, power stations, mines and factories sprang up between Llanelli and Pembrey. Carmarthenshire was at the centre of the Rebecca Riots around 1840, when local farmers and agricultural workers dressed as women and rebelled against higher taxes and tolls. On 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, Carmarthenshire joined Cardiganshire and Pembrokeshire in the new county of Dyfed; Carmarthenshire was divided into three districts: Carmarthen, Llanelli and Dinefwr. Twenty-two years later this amalgamation was reversed when, under the Local Government Act 1994, the original county boundaries were reinstated. Llyn y Fan Fawr, below Fan Brycheiniog in the Black Mountain The county is bounded to the north by Ceredigion, to the east by Powys , Neath Port Talbot and Swansea , to the south by the Bristol Channel and to the west by Pembrokeshire. Much of the county is upland and hilly. The Black Mountain range dominates the east of the county, with the lower foothills of the Cambrian Mountains to the north across the valley of the River Towy. The south coast contains many fishing villages and sandy beaches. The highest point is the minor summit of Fan Foel, height , which is a subsidiary top of the higher mountain of Fan Brycheiniog, height . Carmarthenshire is the largest historic county by area in Wales. The county is drained by several important rivers which flow southwards into the Bristol Channel, especially the River Towy, and its several tributaries, such as the River Cothi. The Towy is the longest river flowing entirely within Wales. Other rivers include the Loughor , the River Gwendraeth and the River Taf. The River Teifi forms much of the border between Carmarthenshire and Ceredigion, and there are a number of towns in the Teifi Valley which have communities living on either side of the river and hence in different counties. Carmarthenshire has a long coastline which is deeply cut by the estuaries of the Loughor in the east and the Gwendraeth, Tywi and Taf, which enter the sea on the east side of Carmarthen Bay. The coastline includes notable beaches such as Pendine Sands and Cefn Sidan sands, and large areas of foreshore are uncovered at low tide along the Loughor and Towy estuaries. Towy Valley The principal towns in the county are Ammanford, Burry Port, Carmarthen, Kidwelly, Llanelli, Llandeilo, Newcastle Emlyn, Llandovery, St Clears, and Whitland. The principal industries are agriculture, forestry, fishing and tourism. Although Llanelli is by far the largest town in the county, the county town remains Carmarthen, mainly due to its central location. Carmarthenshire is predominantly an agricultural county, with only the southeastern area having any significant amount of industry. The best agricultural land is in the broad Tywi Valley, especially its lower reaches. With its fertile land and agricultural produce, Carmarthenshire is known as the "Garden of Wales". The lowest bridge over the river is at Carmarthen, and the Towi Estuary cuts the southwesterly part of the county, including Llansteffan and Laugharne, off from the more urban southeastern region. This area is also bypassed by the main communication routes into Pembrokeshire. A passenger ferry service used to connect Ferryside with Llansteffan until the early part of the twentieth century. Etching of ironworks near Llanelli by John George Wood, 1811 Allt-y-cafan Mill beside the River Teifi from which it got its power Agriculture and forestry are the main sources of income over most of the county of Carmarthenshire. On improved pastures, dairying is important and in the past, the presence of the railway enabled milk to be transported to the urban areas of England. The creamery at Whitland is now closed but milk processing still takes place at Newcastle Emlyn where mozzarella cheese is made. On upland pastures and marginal land, livestock rearing of cattle and sheep is the main agricultural activity. The estuaries of the Loughor and Towy provide pickings for the cockle industry. Llanelli, Ammanford and the upper parts of the Gwendraeth Valley are situated on the South Wales Coalfield. The opencast mining activities in this region have now ceased but the old mining settlements with terraced housing remain, often centred on their nonconformist chapels. Kidwelly had a tin-plating industry in the eighteenth century, with Llanelli following not long after, so that by the end of the nineteenth century, Llanelli was the world-centre of the industry. There is little trace of these industrial activities today. Llanelli and Burry Port served at one time for the export of coal, but trade declined, as it did from the ports of Kidwelly and Carmarthen as their estuaries silted up. Country towns in the more agricultural part of the county still hold regular markets where livestock is traded. In the north of the county, in and around the Teifi Valley, there was a thriving woollen industry in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Here water-power provided the energy to drive the looms and other machinery at the mills. The village of Dre-fach Felindre at one time contained twenty-four mills and was known as the "Huddersfield of Wales". The demand for woollen cloth declined in the twentieth century and so did the industry. In 2014, West Wales was identified as the worst-performing region in the United Kingdom along with the South Wales Valleys. The gross value added economic indicator showed a figure of £14,763 per head in these regions, as compared with a GVA of £22,986 for Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan. The Welsh Assembly Government is aware of this, and helped by government initiatives and local actions, opportunities for farmers to diversify have emerged. These include farm tourism, rural crafts, specialist food shops, farmers' markets and added-value food products. In 2015, in an attempt to boost the local economy, Carmarthenshire County Council produced a fifteen-year plan that highlighted six projects which it hoped would create five thousand new jobs. The sectors involved would be in the "creative industries, tourism, agri-food, advanced manufacturing, energy and environment, and financial and professional services". Carmarthenshire became an administrative county with a county council taking over functions from the Quarter Sessions under the Local Government Act 1888. Under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative county of Carmarthenshire was abolished on 1 April 1974 and the area of Carmarthenshire became three districts within the new county of Dyfed : Carmarthen, Dinefwr and Llanelli. Under the Local Government Act 1994, Dyfed was abolished on 1 April 1996 and Carmarthenshire was re-established as a county. The three districts united to form a unitary authority which had the same boundaries as the traditional county of Carmarthenshire. In 2003, the Clynderwen community council area was transferred to the administrative county of Pembrokeshire. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, Carmarthen and Wrexham were the two most populous towns in Wales. In 1931, the county's population was 171,445 and in 1951, 164,800. At the census in 2011, Carmarthenshire had a population of 183,777. Population levels have thus dipped and then increased again over the course of eighty years. The population density in Carmarthenshire is 0.8 persons per hectare compared to 1.5 per hectare in Wales as a whole. Carmarthenshire was the most populous of the five historic counties of Wales to remain majority Welsh-speaking throughout the 20th century. According to the 1911 Census, 84.9 per cent of the county's population were Welsh-speaking , with 20.5 per cent of Carmarthenshire's overall population being monolingual Welsh-speakers. In 1931, 82.3 per cent could speak Welsh and in 1951, 75.2 per cent. By the 2001 census, 50.3 per cent of people living in Carmarthenshire could speak Welsh, with 39 per cent being able to read and write the language as well. The 2011 census showed a further decline, with 43.9 per cent speaking Welsh, making it a minority language in the county for the first time. However, the 2011 census also showed that 3,000 more people could understand spoken Welsh than in 2001 and that 60% of 5-14-year-olds could speak Welsh . The 2021 census, however, showed a decrease once again, to 39.9% Welsh speakers - the largest percentage drop in all of Wales. Carreg Cennen Castle Talley Abbey from hillside Roman workings at Dolaucothi gold mine With its strategic location and history, the county is rich in archaeological remains such as forts, earthworks and standing stones. Carn Goch is one of the most impressive Iron Age forts and stands on a hilltop near Llandeilo. The Bronze Age is represented by chambered cairns and standing stones on Mynydd Llangyndeyrn, near Llangyndeyrn. Castles that can be easily accessed include Carreg Cennen, Dinefwr, Kidwelly, Laugharne, Llansteffan and Newcastle Emlyn Castle. There are the ruinous remains of Talley Abbey, and the coastal village of Laugharne is for ever associated with Dylan Thomas. Stately homes in the county include Aberglasney House and Gardens, Golden Grove and Newton House. There are plenty of opportunities in the county for hiking, observing wildlife and admiring the scenery. These include Brechfa Forest, the Pembrey Country Park, the Millennium Coastal Park at Llanelli, the WWT Llanelli Wetlands Centre and the Carmel National Nature Reserve. There are large stretches of golden sands and the Wales Coast Path now provides a continuous walking route around the whole of Wales. The National Botanic Garden of Wales displays plants from Wales and from all around the world, and the Carmarthenshire County Museum, the National Wool Museum, the Parc Howard Museum, the Pendine Museum of Speed and the West Wales Museum of Childhood all provide opportunities to delve into the past. Dylan Thomas Boathouse where the author wrote many of his works can be visited, as can the Roman-worked Dolaucothi Gold Mines. Activities available in the county include rambling, cycling, fishing, kayaking, canoeing, sailing, horse riding, caving, abseiling and coasteering. Carmarthen Town A.F.C. plays in the Cymru Premier. They won the Welsh Football League Cup in the 1995–96 season, and since then have won the Welsh Cup once and the Welsh League Cup twice. Llanelli Town A.F.C. play in the Welsh Football League Division Two. The club won the Welsh premier league and Loosemores challenge cup in 2008 and won the Welsh Cup in 2011, but after experiencing financial difficulties, were wound up and reformed under the present title in 2013. Scarlets is the regional professional rugby union team that plays in the Pro14, they play their home matches at their ground, Parc y Scarlets. Honours include winning the 2003/04 and 2016/17 Pro12. Llanelli RFC is a semi-professional rugby union team that play in the Welsh Premier Division, also playing home matches at Parc y Scarlets. Among many honours, they have been WRU Challenge Cup winners on fourteen occasions and frequently taken part in the Heineken Cup. West Wales Raiders, based in Llanelli, represent the county in Rugby league. Some sporting venues utilise disused industrial sites. Ffos Las racecourse was built on the site of an open cast coal mine after mining operations ceased. Opened in 2009, it was the first racecourse built in the United Kingdom for eighty years and has regular race-days. Machynys is a championship golf course opened in 2005 and built as part of the Llanelli Waterside regeneration plan. Pembrey Circuit is a motor racing circuit near Pembrey village, considered the home of Welsh motorsport, providing racing for cars, motorcycles, karts and trucks. It was opened in 1989 on a former airfield, is popular for testing and has hosted many events including the British Touring Car Championship twice. The 2018 Tour of Britain cycling race started at Pembrey on 2 September 2018. Rail Carmarthenshire is served by the main line railway service operated by Transport for Wales Rail which links London Paddington, and to southwest Wales. The main hub is Carmarthen railway station where some services from the east terminate. The line continues westwards with several branches which serve Pembroke Dock, Milford Haven and Fishguard Harbour . The Heart of Wales Line takes a scenic route through mid-Wales and links Llanelli with Craven Arms, from where passengers can travel on the Welsh Marches Line to Shrewsbury. Two heritage railways, the Gwili Railway and the Teifi Valley Railway, use the track of the Carmarthen and Cardigan Railway that at one time ran from Carmarthen to Newcastle Emlyn, but did not reach Cardigan. Road The A40, A48, A484 and A485 converge on Carmarthen. The M4 route that links South Wales with London, terminates at junction 49, the Pont Abraham services, to continue northwest as the dual carriageway A48, and to finish with its junction with the A40 in Carmarthen. Llanelli is linked to M4 junction 48 by the A4138. The A40 links Carmarthen to Llandeilo, Llandovery and Brecon to the east, and with St Clears, Whitland and Haverfordwest to the west. The A484 links Llanelli with Carmarthen by a coastal route and continues northwards to Cardigan, and via the A486 and A487 to Aberystwyth, and the A485 links Carmarthen to Lampeter. Bus Bus services run between the main towns within the county and are operated by First Cymru under their "Western Welsh" or "Cymru Clipper" livery. Bus services from Carmarthenshire are also run to Cardiff. A bus service known as "fflecsi Bwcabus" operates in the north of the county, offering customised transport to rural dwellers. Carmarthenshire has rich, fertile farmland and a productive coast with estuaries providing a range of foods that motivate many home cooks and chefs.

「威爾斯高地鐵」連接著格溫德旗的凱恩斯康和波瑟馬多克，沿途穿越拜德吉利特和愛伯高斯林小徑等熱門觀光勝地，在波瑟馬多克與菲斯蒂納克鐵路分岔，並擁有英國唯一的混合型尺度平接軌道。仿古的工程建設主要由承包商展開，而鐵軌建設則由義工完成，獲得多項大獎。原先從凱恩斯康到的鐵路，新增的段落是從迪納斯張開到凱恩斯康，原先也有通往莫爾特懷丹凝聚橋站和方石廠的支線，但現已未獲恢復。從波瑟馬多科往前進也有條長約1英里的威爾斯高地歷史鐵路，通過原有的坎布里安鐵路境內，由班伊蒙交界口與威爾斯高地鐵線相接。原威爾斯高地鐵由於駕乘的車廂時代久遠，舒適度差；路途遙遠，交通不可靠，結果導致這家公司一直代未能獲得成功。其後展開不少法庭爭議，甚至有申請把鐵路整段改造成一條長途徒步小徑的可行性計畫：然而最終都沒有成就。不過，很慶幸的是現存的一大部分鐵軌竟仍未被及拆賣，否則未來恢復工程會變得比較困難，也會需要更多資金去實現。但部分境內則已被出售，像是站和站。

瓦爾斯波爾及蘭費爾輕軌是威爾士帕威斯郡的一條鐵路古蹟，大約長8公里，從瓦爾斯波爾村經過卡斯爾凱芮倫市行往蘭費爾凱芮倫村。1864年，第一次提議把蘭費爾凱芮倫村和瓦爾斯波爾連接起來的鐵路是窄軌路線，與坎布里安鐵路連接處會有一條混合軌別的軌道。1996年，輕軌法案通過，從此衍生許多提議，其中有由瓦爾斯波爾市長威廉·阿迪於1897年初提出的『瓦爾斯波爾及蘭費爾輕軌』，這條軌道與1869年的建議極為相似。於1899年8月，鐵路效力局准予他們宣佈授權開工；1903年4月6日，完工啟用，服務於此地區要用以促進經濟發展的目的，卻未曾有過獲利。1945年8月6日，在簽字會舉行時暫時重新開放旅客運輸；1931年2月9日, 因公共汽車服務取代，轉而僅為貨物運輸，於1956年11月3日全線停駛，之後由熱心的志工及愛好者接手，開始募集資金復修；1963年4月6日，蘭費爾凱芮倫至卡斯爾凱芮倫之間的西半段重啟，並於1981年7月18日並以Raven Square為新的終點站，重新開通運輸，因軌別與英國鐵路的不同，多從歐洲和世界各地的鐵路作為支援採購。