英國熱門旅遊提案

聯合王國，又稱不列顛，通稱為英國，於西歐具有海外領地，旁鄰北愛爾蘭和愛爾蘭共和國，由大西洋所環繞，東北部與英倫群島連結。英國旅遊業也十分重要，2015年達大約3,440萬遊客，排名全球第八，有種種獨特的城堡景點，也有大英博物館和超大型溫室等。英國包括英格蘭、威爾士、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭四地區，擁有各自的風俗及象徵，因此也被認為是「文化大國」，倫敦更是世界文化中心之一。文學方面，因此因英語之外也涵蓋了多種語言，飲食則具有英格蘭的週日烤肉、約克郡布丁和肉汁、炸魚薯條和英式早餐之特色。聯合王國亦在2020年大約有32處景點進入世界遺產名錄，其中英格蘭有18處，蘇格蘭有5處，威爾士有3處，北愛爾蘭1處，以及由英格蘭和蘇格蘭共有的1處，海外領土亦有百慕大、直布羅陀、皮特凱恩群島和聖赫勒拿等增加到名錄中。

英格蘭，又稱作英國、英倫，是英國的一個構成國，位於大不列顛島東南部，面積最大、人口最多、經濟最發達的一個地區。源於盎格魯人的Angles，整個18世紀都佔據人均GDP最高的位置，2018年，人均GDP達到約32,857英鎊，其GDP總額更佔整個英國近90%之多。英格蘭大部分地區地勢綿延起伏，北部多山區，最長河流是泰晤士河和塞文河。主要城市有倫敦、曼徹斯特、利物浦、紐卡斯爾、伯明翰等，並以多佛港與海峽對岸的法國相連接。英格蘭的行政區劃分為四種等級，有關南英格蘭與北英格蘭的文化和經濟不同，參見南北分歧。英格蘭文化、英格蘭文學和英國文化、英國文學等，難以區分，有時候甚至是同義詞。

薩默塞特郡位於英格蘭西南部，英國有兩個城市在此郡，分別是巴斯是最大城市，而韋爾斯則是另一城市；位於南部的湯頓是第一大鎮，濱海韋斯頓是第二大鎮，約維爾是第三大鎮；北薩默塞特是第一大區。森麻實是一個佈滿高山的鄉村郡，例如有門迪普山、匡托克山和埃克斯穆爾國家公園，還有大片平原，包括薩默塞特平原。此郡有約五十八萬人口，非都市郡管轄五個非都市區，分別是：南森麻實、湯頓迪恩、西森麻實、塞奇高沼、門迪普；此外，它名義上也包含巴斯-東北森麻實及北森麻實兩單一管理區。森麻實郡東北鄰布里斯托，東鄰格洛斯特郡，東南鄰多實郡，西南接德雲郡，北臨布里斯托灣，是一個完美遊覽旅遊景點。

北約克郡是英格蘭最大的名譽郡，位於英國英格蘭約克郡-亨伯大區和東北英格蘭大區，面積約8,654平方公里，人口約1,158,816人（2021年），是全國48個郡中排名第14。北約克郡設有5個單一管理區，分別為北約克郡、雷德卡-克利夫蘭、米德爾斯堡、蒂斯河畔斯托克頓以及約克市。約克市是全域人口最多的城市以及第二大都會自治市，北約克郡則是第一大都會自治市。1966年，《1972年地方政府法案》生效，使得一部份的約克郡北瑞丁和約克郡東瑞丁被廢除，令北約克郡得以正式成立。同樣，1996年，北約克郡下轄的非都市約克市與周邊部分地區合併，得以成立單一管理區約克市。從此，北約克郡管轄了7個非都市區：塞爾比、哈羅蓋特、克雷文、裡士滿希爾、漢布爾頓、賴代爾、斯卡伯勒。約克市有一條名叫克利夫蘭小路的150公里長的人行小道，從赫爾姆斯利至法利附近。北約克郡是英格蘭最大的名譽郡，位於英國英格蘭約克郡-亨伯大區和東北英格蘭大區，約有8,654平方公里的面積，約有1,158,816人口（2021年），是48個郡中第14名。該郡設有5個單一管理區：北約克郡、雷德卡-克利夫蘭、米德爾斯堡、蒂斯河畔斯托克頓和約克市，其中約克市是第一大城市，第一大都會自治市，也是全域人口最多的城市。《1972年地方政府法案》在1974年生效，使得一部份的約克郡北瑞丁和約克郡東瑞丁廢除，令北約克郡得以正式成立，1996年又令北約克郡下轄的非都市的約克市與周邊部分地區合併，建立單一管理區約克市，管轄7個非都市區。在北約克郡，一條叫做克利夫蘭小路的人行小徑約有150公里，從赫爾姆斯利至法利附近。北約克郡是英格蘭最大的名譽郡，位於英國英格蘭約克郡-亨伯大區和東北英格蘭大區，面積約8,654平方公里，約有1,158,816人口（2021年），在英格蘭48個名譽郡中排名第14。該郡設有5個單一管理區：北約克郡、雷德卡-克利夫蘭、米德爾斯堡、蒂斯河畔斯托克頓以及約克市，其中約克市是第一大城市，第一大都會自治市鎮，也是全域人口最多的城市。1972年地方政府法案於1974年生效，使得一部份的約克郡北瑞丁和約克郡東瑞丁被廢除，令北約克郡正式成立；1996年，北約克郡下轄的約克市與周邊部分地區合併，得以建立單一管理區約克市，管轄7個非都市區。在北約克郡，有一條150公里長的克利夫蘭小路，從赫爾姆斯利至法利附近，極適合旅行者騎乘悠閒環遊。

哈羅蓋特位於英格蘭北約克郡城鎮，是一個旅遊城鎮，大約有71,594人口。它裡面有一個哈羅蓋特車站和巴士站，並且距離西南16公里的利茲布拉德福德國際機場也很近。

'Ripon' is a cathedral city in North Yorkshire, England. The city is located at the confluence of two tributaries of the River Ure, the Laver and Skell. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the city is noted for its main feature, Ripon Cathedral, which is architecturally significant, as well as the Ripon Racecourse and other features such as its market. The city was originally known as 'Inhrypum'. Bede records that Alhfrith, king of the Southern Northumbrian kingdom of Deira, gave land at Ripon to Eata of Hexham to build a monastery and the abbot transferred some of his monks there, including a young Saint Cuthbert who was guest-master at Ripon abbey. Both Bede in his Life of Cuthbert and Eddius Stephanus in his Life of Wilfred state that when Eata was subsequently driven out by Alhfrith, the abbey was given to Saint Wilfrid who replaced the timber church with a stone built church. This was during the time of the Anglian kingdom of Northumbria, a period during which it enjoyed prominence in religious importance in Great Britain. It was for a period under Viking control, and later suffered under the Normans. After a brief period of building projects under the Plantagenets, the city emerged with a prominent wool and cloth industry. Ripon became well known for its production of spurs during the 16th and 17th centuries, but would later remain largely unaffected by the Industrial Revolution. Ripon is the third-smallest city in England and the smallest in Yorkshire, by population. According to the 2011 United Kingdom Census it had a population of 16,702, an increase on the 2001 United Kingdom Census figure of 15,922. It is located south-west of Thirsk, south of Northallerton and north of Harrogate. As well as its racecourse and cathedral, Ripon is a tourist destination because of its proximity to the UNESCO World Heritage Site which consists of the Studley Royal Park and Fountains Abbey. Northumbrian and Viking period During its pre-history the area which later became Ripon was under the control of the Brigantes, a Brythonic tribe. Three miles north at Hutton Moor there is a large circular earthwork created by them. The Romans did not settle Ripon, but they had a military outpost around five miles away at North Stainley. Solid evidence for the origins of Ripon can be traced back to the 7th century, the time of the Anglian kingdom of Northumbria. The first structure built in the area, known at the time as 'Inhrypum', was a Christian church dedicated to St Peter, with the settlement originating in 658. This was founded by a Northumbrian nobleman known as Wilfrid, who later became Archbishop of York; he was granted the land by King Alhfrith. The earliest settlers were stonemasons, glaziers and plasterers that Wilfrid brought over to help construct the Ripon monastery, from Lyon in Francia and Rome which was then under Byzantine rule. The years following the death of Wilfrid are obscure in Ripon's history. After the invasion of the Great Heathen Army of Norse Vikings in Northumbria, the Danelaw was established and the Kingdom of Jórvík was founded in the Yorkshire area. In 937 Athelstan, then King of England, granted the privilege of sanctuary to Ripon, for a mile around the church. One of his successors was less well-disposed: after the Northumbrians rebelled against English rule in 948, King Edred had the buildings at Ripon burned. Prosperity was restored by the end of the 10th century, as the body of Saint Cuthbert was moved to Ripon for a while, due to the threat of Danish raids. Normans and the Middle Ages Ripon Cathedral After the Norman conquest, much of the north rebelled in 1069, even trying to bring back Danish rule; the suppression that followed was the Harrying of the North, which resulted in the death of approximately one-third of the population of the North of England. Ripon is thought to have shrunk to a small community around the church following the suppression. The lands of the church were transferred to St Peter's Church at York as the Liberty of Ripon and it was during this time that a grand Collegiate Church was built on top of the ruins of Wilfrid's building. Eventually developed in the Gothic style, the project owed much to the work of Roger de Pont L'Evêque and Walter de Gray, two Archbishops of York during the Plantagenet era. During the 12th century Ripon built up a booming wool trade, attracting Italian trade merchants, especially Florentines, who bought and exported large quantities. Ripon's proximity to Fountains Abbey, where the Cistercians had a long tradition of sheep farming and owned much grazing land, was a considerable advantage. After English people were forbidden from wearing foreign cloth in 1326, Ripon developed a cloth industry which was third in size in Yorkshire after York and Halifax. Due to conflict with Scotland, political emphasis was on the North during the time of Edward I and Edward II, as Scottish invaders attacked numerous northern English towns. Ripon had a wakeman to make sure the residents were safely home by curfew and law and order was maintained, yet it was forced to pay 1,000 marks to the Scots to prevent them from burning down the town on one occasion. Reformation and Tudor times Fountains Abbey Ripon, which relied heavily on its religious institutions, was badly affected by the English Reformation under the Tudor king Henry VIII. The Abbot of Fountains, William Thirske, was expelled by Henry and replaced; Thirske went on to become one of the leaders of the Pilgrimage of Grace popular rising. The people of Northern England were quite traditional in their beliefs and were unhappy about Henry's intention to break with Rome; the Pilgrimage of Grace was the manifestation of this sentiment. The revolt failed and Henry followed through with the break from Rome and the Dissolution of the Monasteries, which included Fountains Abbey. After Mary, Queen of Scots, fled Scotland to Northern England she stayed at Ripon on her journey. The mainly Catholic North supported her, and there was another popular rising known as the Rising of the North; this began six miles away at Topcliffe and was led by Thomas Percy, the 7th Earl of Northumberland and Charles Neville, the 6th Earl of Westmorland. The rebels stayed at Ripon on 18 November 1569, but the rising eventually failed resulting in 600 people being executed, 300 of whom were hanged at Gallows Hill in Ripon during January 1570. Plans were drawn up to make Ripon a centre of education, a 'University of the North', to rival Oxford and Cambridge. Although chief advisers Lord Burghley and Archbishop Sandys supported the idea, Elizabeth I did not follow it through. The scheme was revived in 1604 by Sandys' widow Cicely, under the patronage of Anne of Denmark and Bess of Hardwick without success. Civil War and Restoration James I stayed in 1617 Ripon replaced its old textiles industry with one for the manufacture of spurs during the 16th century. They were so widely known that they gave rise to the proverb "as true steel as Ripon Rowels". At the time, spurs did not just serve as functional riding accessories, they were also fashionable; an expensive pair was made for King James I when he stayed at Ripon in 1617. It was James who granted Ripon a Royal Charter in 1604 and created the first Mayor of Ripon. After the Bishops' Wars in Scotland, a treaty was signed at Ripon in 1640 to stop the conflict between Charles I and the Scottish Covenanters. Although Ripon was not in the main line of fighting which was to the east, it remained loyal and royalist during the English Civil War. There was an incident in 1643, when parliamentarian forces under Thomas Mauleverer entered Ripon and damaged the Minster, but John Mallory and the royalist forces soon settled the matter after a skirmish in the Market Place. The royalists were eventually defeated in the Civil War and Charles I spent two nights as a prisoner in Ripon. Oliver Cromwell visited the city twice on his way to battle, once on the way to the Preston and also on the way to the Battle of Worcester. Studley Royal Park Freemantle Terrace By the time of the English Restoration, several strains of non-conformist Christian practices had appeared, although they were not common in Ripon, the majority of people being Anglicans with a Catholic minority. After the Revolution of 1688 which overthrew James II, there were Jacobite risings in the British Isles; some Riponmen were jailed in February 1746 upon "suspicion of corresponding with Prince Charles Edward Stuart". The founder of Methodism, John Wesley, preached in Ripon and a small community of followers was established. During the Georgian era Ripon, unlike several other cities, was not significantly affected by the Industrial Revolution despite the existence of various guilds. Although more widely known for his activities outside of Ripon, John Aislabie, during his time as Member of Parliament for Ripon, created the Studley Royal Park with its water garden and erected the Ripon Obelisk . Newby Hall was also created during this period by Christopher Wren. Modern day Communications were improved with the opening of Ripon railway station in May 1848. During the First World War a large military training camp was built in Ripon, the local community offering hospitality not only to soldiers' wives but to the Flemish refugees who became part of Ripon's community. The racecourse south-east of the city also served as an airfield for the Royal Flying Corps . The racecourse was also used as a demobilisation centre for troops returning from France well into 1919. The town had a similar though smaller role during the Second World War and, in recognition of this, the Royal Engineers were presented with the Freedom of the City in 1947. Since the War, Ripon has gone through some remodelling and has grown in size; it attracts thousands of tourists each year who come to see its famous buildings with their long Christian heritage, nearby Studley Park, Ripon Racecourse, and in recent times the theme park Lightwater Valley. File:T and R Williamson Ltd - Varnish and Enamel Works - geograph.org.uk - 1246120.jpg|The T & R Williamson Ltd Varnish and Enamel Works File:The Arcade, Ripon - geograph.org.uk - 724791.jpg|The Arcade shopping centre File:Flats on Allhallowgate, Ripon .jpg|Apartment building on Allhallowgate Ripon was the first Church of England diocese to be created after the English Reformation, as it was recognised that existing dioceses were unsuited for the large increases in population caused particularly by the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century in central England. It was deemed that new cathedral building on a national scale was not viable and so Ripon, containing a high status parish church, was created from the existing Chester and York dioceses in 1836, with the building promoted to cathedral status. Ripon council presumed this had elevated the town to the rank of city, and started referring to itself as such. The next diocese Manchester was promoted similarly, but doubts as to its use of the title were raised. With the subsequent clearer understanding of needing to petition the monarch, Manchester did so and obtained the status in 1853. Ripon was encouraged to follow suit, with its own status being recognised by the parliamentary City of Ripon Act in 1865. In 1974 Ripon borough was abolished and a parish council established as part of wider local government reform. The award of city status is typically granted to a local authority, whose administrative area is then considered to be the formal borders of the city, the grant in this case being removed at the same time and bestowed onto the parish. By this definition, the whole parish council area of Ripon, including its settlement and surrounding rural area containing a tiny portion of the Nidderdale AONB to the north west, is considered to be the limits of the city. It contains the third lowest population of all the cities in England, however it falls to seventh place when taking the whole of the UK into consideration. Using 2011 ONS census statistics, Ripon has the third smallest city council area but the fourth lowest urban area of any city in England. Sir George Cockburn was MP for Ripon from 1841 until 1847. Ripon became a municipal borough of the West Riding of Yorkshire with its headquarters at Ripon Town Hall in 1835, and remained an independent borough until 1974. That year, following the Local Government Act 1972, the former area of Ripon borough was merged with Harrogate borough and several rural districts of the West Riding to form an enlarged Harrogate borough in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire. The lowest tier of governance in Ripon is the Ripon City Council, a parish council with twelve members, three for each of four wards. In 2019, four councillors are Conservative, and the rest are independent. Ripon Town Hall Ripon was represented by the Member of Parliament for Yorkshire until it had its own parliamentary borough established on a permanent basis in 1553. Ripon was able to elect two MPs to represent its parliamentary borough; the right of election was vested not in the population as a whole, but in the burgesses until the Great Reform Act of 1832. The next Reform Act which came into force at the 1868 election, reduced Ripon's representation from two MPs to one. Some of the more notable MPs of Ripon were John Aislabie, Frederick John Robinson and George Cockburn. The Reform Act of 1885 abolished the borough of Ripon, but the county constituency in which the town was placed as a result was named Ripon, and this continued as a single member constituency, albeit with some boundary changes, until it was abolished before the 1983 general election. Since 1983, Ripon has been part of the Skipton and Ripon constituency, a Conservative Party stronghold. Position Current representatives Member of Parliament Julian Smith, Conservative, elected 2010 City Council Members elected 2018: Jo Bate, IndependentMichael Chambers, ConservativeStephen Michael Craggs, ConservativeChristopher James Davis, ConservativeAnthony Christopher Hardisty, IndependentSid Hawke, IndependentPeter Horton, IndependentPauline McHardy, IndependentStuart Martin, ConservativeEamon Robin Parkin, IndependentCharlie Powell, IndependentAndrew Williams, Independent Topography River Skell Ripon lies at the confluence of two rivers, the Laver and the Skell, which meet in the west of the city. As they flow through the city, the Skell feeds water into the basin of Ripon Canal. East of the city, the Skell meets the River Ure, and both the Ure and canal head south-eastwards towards Boroughbridge. The Ure was the traditional boundary between the old West and North Ridings of Yorkshire. As the city is at the meeting point of three rivers, it has flooded often in the 20th and 21st centuries; notable floods have occurred in 1982, 1991, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2007. This prompted spending over £14 million on the building of flood defences for the city and a storage area upstream of the city which can hold of water. Much of the geology of the district is magnesian limestone, part of the Permian rocks which extend southwards from Darlington to Wetherby. The area has pockets of gypsum underlying the surface soils. Water has dissolved the gypsum, leaving the area prone to sinkholes, especially north of the city and on the northern side of the Ure. Climate Buildings of the former College of Ripon and York St John facilities Ripon is home to Ripon Grammar School which is a selective intake, state secondary school. The school claims to take roots from the school which was attached to the Collegiate Church, founded during the time of the Angle kingdom of Northumbria by Saint Wilfrid. The refoundation date for the school was during the reign of Queen Mary I in 1555. The school has several notable alumni, known as Old Riponians, including theologian Bishop Beilby Porteus, historian Bishop William Stubbs, fashion designer Bruce Oldfield and television presenter Richard Hammond. In the modern day the school hosts around 800 pupils, gaining engineering status in 2006, it receives favourable reports from the Ofsted, being either 'good' or 'outstanding'. Opposite Ripon Grammar on Clotherholme Road is the non-selective Outwood Academy Ripon , which was also known as Ripon City School until 1999. It has around 630 pupils and is exceeding the national average of GCSE and A-Level results. On the site of the Old Ripon Racecourse in Whitcliffe Lane was St Olave's Preparatory School. This site was taken over by an independent co-ed preparatory school founded in 1960 called the Cathedral Choir School. The choir school closed in 2012 and the site has now had approval for the building of new residential dwellings. Ripon previously had higher education facilities in the form of the College of Ripon and York St John until 2001. This college had its roots in two Anglican teacher training colleges, which were founded in York in 1841 for men and 1846 for women. The women's college moved to Ripon in 1862. Over the next century, the colleges gradually diversified their education programmes. The colleges merged in 1974 to form the College of Ripon and York St John. The combined institution became a college of the University of Leeds in 1990. Between 1999 and 2001, all activities were transferred to York and the college received the name York St John University. One of York St John's buildings on its Lord Mayor's Walk campus was renamed 'Ripon' in June 2018 to commemorate Ripon Training College's "contribution to women’s education" over 123 years of service. Evolve, a small, inclusive post-16 college is based in the centre of Ripon, which works alongside Craven College, which is based in Skipton. On the outskirts of Ripon there is the specialist autism education school called Spring Hill. The school offers day and boarding places. Current pupil numbers are 22. These include 17 boys, 5 girls, and 6 boarders. Spring Hill is owned by Cambian group PLC which is a large UK provider of specialist provision for children and adults. Spring Hill was previously in the ownership of the charity Barnardos. The current headteacher is Samantha Campbell, the head of care is Rebecca Sharp, The deputy headteacher is Christine Sherman, the head of education is currently vacant and the transitions and admissions coordinator is currently vacant. Christianity is the largest religious affiliation in Ripon; 79.3% of the people in the area polled as part of the United Kingdom Census 2001 professed the Christian faith. Ripon Cathedral is the main religious building in the city and contains a tomb said to contain the bones of Saint Wilfrid who founded a monastery here and with it the town. The Venerable William Gibson is another noted local figure, a Catholic martyr who was one of the eighty-five martyrs of England and Wales. The Church of England is in the majority, with two parishes: the ancient Ripon Cathedral and Holy Trinity Church. Ripon was the episcopal see of the Diocese of Ripon and Leeds represented by the Bishop of Ripon and Leeds, created in 1836 with just Ripon in its title but adapted to include Leeds in 2000. In 2014 it became part of the Diocese of Leeds, with Ripon Cathedral serving as one of its three cathedrals of equal status. During the time of the kingdom of Northumbria there was a short-lived Diocese of Ripon, with Eadhedus the only bishop. There is also a Medieval chapel located on Magdalens Road, which was once part of a leper hospital. The Chapel of St Mary Magdalen is still used for regular worship and is a grade I listed building. Inside St Mary's at Studley Royal There is a Roman Catholic parish in Ripon called St Wilfrid's; it is covered by the Diocese of Leeds in the Harrogate deanery and the church is an architecturally significant building. There are also around two places of worship for Methodism in Ripon, as well as a couple of evangelical churches including Bethel Church and Zion Baptist Church. The Ripon Hornblower Market day is held on a Thursday, and there are 120 stalls. In celebration of the city's founder the 'Wilfrid Procession' is held every year; it originated in 1108 when King Henry I granted the privilege of holding a fair for him. At the procession there are various decorated floats which make their way through the city with locals in costume. Part of the tradition represents the return of Wilfrid to Ripon, a decorated dummy dressed as Wilfrid is sat on a horse, accompanied by two musicians with another man carrying St Wilfrid's hat around. Ripon also has dancing traditions such as the Long Sword dance and Morris dance. Ripon Obelisk The market square is the site of the Ripon Obelisk, erected in 1702 by John Aislabie and designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor. It stands in height and is capped with a weathervane bearing a representation of the wakeman's horn. It is Grade I listed and reputed to be the oldest in England. The tradition of the Ripon Hornblower has endured since 886 and continues on to this day. It originates with the wakeman of Ripon, whose job in the Middle Ages was similar to that of a mayor, although he had more responsibilities in the keeping of law and order. Every day at 9:00 pm the horn is blown at the four corners of the obelisk in Ripon Market. The horn has become the symbol of the city and represents Ripon on the Harrogate borough coat of arms. There are three museums in Ripon collectively known as the 'Yorkshire Law and Order Museums'; it includes the Courthouse, the Prison and Police and the Workhouse Museums. Ripon Baths Sport Ripon Racecourse In terms of sport, the most noted field of participation is horse racing with the Ripon Racecourse. The sport has a long history in Ripon, with the first recorded meeting on Bondgate Green in 1664, while its current location has been used as a racetrack since 1900. Ripon staged Britain's first race for female riders in 1723. The city is also home to Ripon Rugby Union Football Club who were founded in 1886 and currently play in Yorkshire 2, the eighth tier of the English Rugby Union league. Ripon Bus Station The Ripon Canal continues to be used by barges in the modern day. The city was previously served by Ripon railway station on the Leeds-Northallerton Line that ran between Leeds and Northallerton. It was once part of the North Eastern Railway and then London & North Eastern Railway. The Ripon to Harrogate Line was closed in the 1960s as part of the Beeching cuts. Today much of the route of the line through the city is now a relief road and although the former station still stands, it is now surrounded by a new housing development. The issue remains a significant one in local politics and there are movements wanting to restore the line. Reports suggest the reopening of a line between Ripon and Harrogate would be economically viable, costing £40 million and could initially attract 1,200 passengers a day, rising to 2,700. By road Ripon is well connected; it is accessible from the north and south via the A1 motorway which connects to Ripon by the B6265. Ripon is accessible from the east and west via the A61 which is the main road running through the city. Harrogate Bus Company's route 36 links the city to Harrogate and Leeds, and there are also regular bus routes to Boroughbridge, York, Thirsk, Northallerton, Leyburn, Richmond and others. The Ripon Canal was proposed by John Smeaton in 1766, to connect the city centre to part of the River Ure; it was used for the transportation of coal from the Durham coalfields into the city. Although abandoned in 1956, a conservationist campaign saw it partly reopened in 1988, and fully in 1996. * Foix in France 1957. The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Ripon: Individuals * Charles, Prince of Wales: 24 October 2002. Military units * The Royal Engineers: 27 July 1949. * RAF Leeming: 14 September 2015.

牛津郡是位於英格蘭南部的一個行政和非都市區，政府主導是牛津郡議會和非都市區：牛津市、切爾威、南牛津郡、白馬谷和西牛津郡。該郡在四周由北安普敦郡北東面、華金郡北西面、白金漢郡東面、賓克夏郡南面、威爾特郡南西面和格洛斯特郡西面等為邊界。牛津郡東面河岸以南的地區歷史上是賓克夏郡的一部分，包括該郡的最高點 - 白馬山。該郡唯一的城市 - 牛津，估計人口為約15萬1584人。牛津郡在十世紀初期被記錄為一個郡，位於特拉河南部、科茨沃爾德山西部、奇爾登山東部和中部以北，其西部有延伸至恩利河-桑蒂斯的南來延展，北郵至班伯裡。雖然該區域作為中部重要的農產品土地有一定的重要性，但是被羅馬人忽視了，直到第八世紀牛津市建立起來才開始興起。愛爾芙大帝出生在白馬谷的旺特哈，於1096年建立了牛津大學，其學院結構直到後來才發展起來。該郡的牛津市在中世紀和近代期間日益發展興旺。 該區域是13世紀起的科茨沃爾德羊毛貿易中心，特別是牛津郡科茨沃爾德的西部，給該地區帶來了大量財富。1912年莫里斯汽車在牛津創立，使重工業在這個以農業為主的郡中顯得重要。20世紀，農業所提供的就業機會急劇減少，由於高度機械化，該郡只剩下不到百分之一的人口依然處於農牧業。儘管如此，牛津郡在土地使用方面仍然是一個農業郡，人口低於比鄰的伯克郡和白金漢郡，這兩個郡較小一些。在大部份歷史時期，該郡以14個名為hundred的分區為例：班堡、班布里、比諾菲爾德、布洛克翰、布歷登、查德林頓、多達切特、伊維爾梅、長樹、勒沃克諾、派勒頓、犁場、泰姆和伍特頓。屬於牛津郡的牛津和白金漢郡輕步兵，該郡最大的陸軍部隊，位於布歷登綠的喬利士 - 狄克駐軍營地。白馬谷地區及南側特拉河以南的南牛津郡行政區域歷史上是屬於賓克夏郡的，但在1974年，安科登、迪德科特、法林登、沃林福德和旺特哈等地被添加到牛津郡的行政郡中，依據1972年的地方政府法令。相反，現在與賓克夏郡行政上一部分的雷丁的凱維斯珠街，歷史上屬於牛津郡，以及位於白金漢郡的斯托肯查堂小鎮也是如此。另外，牛津市南側的部份，像格蘭普頓，早在1889年就已被轉移出去了。牛津郡包括三個傑出的自然美景地區的部分。西北部是科茨沃爾德；南部和東南部是北韋塞克斯下陡坡的開放式白堊山和奇爾登山的樹木茂密的丘陵。該郡北部有其鐵礦的切爾韋爾上地。該郡內的長途步行包括國家小徑山拉德、馬克馬林步道、牛津郡步道和達茜 - 達爾西 - 道，其中一些小徑沿著河谷逐步延伸。此外，牛津運河與中部相連，從班伯裡出發沿著切爾韋爾河一直流入牛津市，與可通航的提摩斯江相接。約15％的威爾特和伯克郡運河（在緩慢的部分）已恢復通航，其中包括在安科登-提摩斯附近的140米，一旦修復完成，就可以與提摩斯接壤。綠帶牛津郡有綠帶區，完全包圍牛津市，向外延伸一些英里，以保護周圍的城鎮和村莊免受不適當的發展和城市發展的侵蝕。其東部邊界延伸至白金漢郡的邊界，其南部邊界與北韋塞克斯下陡坡景觀保護區共享。該綠帶是在1950年代形成的，該郡的所有地區都包含一些綠帶。

'牛津'，英國東南英格蘭牛津郡郡治、非都市郡區，也是該郡唯一城市，為牛津大學－英語國家中歷史最久的大學的發源地。人口大約在165,000左右。中央城區位於倫敦西北方向80公里處。查韋爾河與泰晤士河貫穿牛津，於城市南部中央交匯。 牛津起初在薩克森時代發現的名字為「Oxenaforda」，其意思是“Ford of the Oxen”，漢語意譯為“牛津”。 它處於查韋爾河與泰晤士河交匯之處，具有重要戰略地位，諾曼時代牛津地位逐漸提高。12世紀末，牛津大學在此建立。 19世紀，牛津逐漸工業化，20世紀初建立了大量印刷、汽車製造廠，1970和80年代逐漸衰退。 1605年地圖 牛津運河把牛津、英格蘭中部連接起來，亦連接泰晤士河，現時多作休閒用途。 牛津機場位於基德靈頓，也可通過鐵路前往倫敦、伯明翰和南安普頓換乘飛機。 鐵路 牛津現有個鐵路站，牛津站位於城西。另外一個是基德靈頓的牛津公園大道站。 汽車 牛津座落於倫敦西北約七十公里，伯明罕東南的九十公里。連接伯明罕及倫敦的M40快速公路途經牛津市，A34亦途經牛津市並形成西面的繞道。 公共交通服務主要由牛津巴士及捷達巴士營運，大部分市區路線都是由牛津巴士營運的，而捷達巴士則主力營運來往牛津市及牛津郡近郊的巴士線。其他巴士公司，例如牛津巴士旗下的泰晤士運輸，亦有經營來往牛津市及牛津郡近郊的巴士線，旗下路線品牌River Rapid甚至從牛津到雷丁、Arriva則主要提供來往牛津市及泰晤和艾爾斯伯裡的巴士服務。 兩間公司亦提供豪華巴士服務來往倫敦，包括由Stagecoach營運的Oxford Tub、牛津巴士的Airline，兩條線由西邊的Gloucester Green巴士總站開出，沿途停靠多個主要巴士站，然後經M40高速公路往倫敦；此外，National Express和Meagebus亦有提供前往英國各大城市的長途巴士服務。 氣候 牛津屬溫帶海洋性氣候。受大西洋影響，其一年中的月平均降水量分佈很均衡。 區劃 upright=1.25 牛津市中心為卡爾法克斯塔，穀物市場街、皇后街、阿爾達特街和高街在此交匯。牛津的大部分商店位於穀物市場街河皇后街。圍繞著牛津的是牛津綠帶。 牛津大部分地區並非民政教區，它邊境有四個民政教區，即Blackbird Leys、利特爾莫爾、舊馬斯頓、萊辛赫斯特和沙丘。 牛津市政廳 牛津市議會和牛津郡議會總部都在牛津。1889年至1974年間，牛津是一個郡自治市，行政上獨立於牛津郡。 牛津是非常受歡迎的旅遊目的地。 宗教名勝 * 聖母瑪利亞大學教堂 * 莫德林學院聖瑪麗教堂 博物館 ;牛津大學 * 阿須摩林博物館，英國最古老博物館 ;其他 * 牛津博物館 * 牛津現代藝術博物館 * 牛津科學館 大學建築 牛津大學出版社 * 博德利圖書館 * 牛津大學出版社 體育 * 牛津聯足球俱樂部，主場：卡森體育場 牛津市南部考利有一家超過一百年歷史的汽車工廠，由BMW集團擁有並用作生產Mini Cooper汽車；而牛津郡南部的阿賓頓曾經也有汽車工廠，用作生產MG汽車，後來在1980年關廠，現址已改建成購物中心。該廠最後一輛出廠的汽車現在在阿賓頓博物館展出中。 除了BBC在全英國廣播之外，牛津還有多個地區電臺廣播，包括了BBC Radio Oxford、Fox FM、Oxford's FM107.9等。牛津還有一家當地電視頻道名為Six TV。 牛津主要的當地報章包括牛津時報 及其姊妹報章牛津郵報、牛津星報。 牛津的代表性文學家包括： 路易斯·卡羅 代表作為《愛麗絲漫遊仙境》。 託馬斯·哈代 代表作為《無名的裘德》。 約翰·羅納德·魯埃爾·託爾金 代表作為《魔戒》。 不少文學作品以牛津為中心，當中包括： 牛津市亦成為多部電影的拍攝場地，當中包括： * 哈利波特－神秘的魔法石 * 哈利·波特與密室 * 哈利波特－火盃的考驗 市內有兩所大學，分別是牛津大學及牛津布魯克斯大學。 牛津的姊妹城市包括： * 德國波昂 * 法國格勒諾布爾 * 尼加拉瓜萊昂 * 荷蘭萊頓 * 俄羅斯彼爾姆 * 瑞典於默奧 * 美國牛津 * 中華民國臺南市 以上城市皆為大學城。

德國慕尼黑的'英國公園'於1789年由本傑明·湯普森興建，面積約3.7公里²，比紐約中央公園大，但小於都柏林鳳凰公園，是歐洲最大的城市公園之一。它以其'英式庭園'的景觀風格命名，這種風格在18世紀中期至19世紀前期在英國很受歡迎。

尼斯的英格蘭城堡於1856年至1858年間建成，以折衷古典主義建築風格著稱，並已成為尼斯著名的地標建築之一。為象徵歷史的紀念，英格蘭城堡在2000年獲法國文化部列為歷史紀念碑。

克洛德．羅林（Claude Lorrain）的畫作啟發了斯托夏花園（Stowe Gardens）的創作。英式園林（English landscape garden）稱英式景觀園林，或單稱「英國園林」，是於18世紀初於英國誕生，並發展到歐洲的一種「景觀」花園風格，也取代了17世紀於歐洲流行的正式、對稱的法國正式花園。英式園林呈現的是理想化的大自然景觀，由威廉．肯特及其他人所創造、發明的「非正式」風格，取法於薩爾瓦陶．羅薩、克洛德．羅林、尼古拉斯．普森的風景畫作。英式園林通常會有一個湖，起伏的芳草、佈滿樹木的樹林，以及復制古典廟宇、哥德式廢墟、橋樑等視覺上吸引的建築藝術，以重現出一個和諧安詳的田園景觀。「功能」布朗（Lancelot "Capability" Brown）所做的貢獻特別顯著。18世紀結束時，英國園林被法國的園林模仿，甚至影響到位於俄國聖彼得堡的帕弗洛夫斯克，未來的皇帝保羅的花園。19世紀，英式園林也影響到了全球的公園及花園的形式。英式園林前身是由約翰．範布魯（Sir John Vanbrugh）和尼古拉斯．霍克斯穆爾（Nicholas Hawksmoor）在哥頓城堡（Castle Howard）、布倫海姆宮（Blenheim Palace）以及克萊蒙特莊園（Claremont Landscape Garden）所創造的大園地，裡面許多廣場、樹林，以及黑斯穆爾（Hawksmoor）為哥頓城堡設計的古典墳場等建築，嘗試呈現出一個象徵花園，秩序有序之外，充滿十足動態感的空間，由肯特和布里吉曼所推動。（中略）19世紀末於歐洲最特別的英式園林之一，是萬眾矚目的慕尼黑的英國花園。20世紀，在法國及歐洲北部流行的另一種英式園林，是以19世紀英國的花園風格為基礎，花木茂盛，所種部分仿如蓊鬱蓊蓆，以萬花筒般令人賞心悅目。克洛德．羅林（Claude Lorrain）的畫作啟發了斯托夏花園（Stowe Gardens），而英式園林（English landscape garden）又稱英式景觀園林，或單稱「英國園林」，於18世紀初於英國誕生，並發展到歐洲大肆傳播，取代了17世紀於歐洲流行的正式、對稱的法國正式花園。英式園林以理想化的大自然景觀重現出和諧安詳的田園景觀，由威廉．肯特及其他人所創造、發明的「非正式」風格，取法於薩爾瓦陶．羅薩、克洛德．羅林、尼古拉斯．普森的風景畫作，搭配「功能」布朗（Lancelot "Capability" Brown）所做的貢獻，掀起了一場繁盛的浪潮。19世紀末於歐洲最有名氣的英式園林於慕尼黑，20世紀，則以19世紀英國的花園風格為基礎，於法國及歐洲北部流行。英式園林通常櫛比的植栽會有個湖泊或小湖坐落，影射著珍禽寶獸的皇室園林，並會有圓形或六邊形的涼亭，常以羅馬廟宇的形狀構築，有時還會有「中國風」涼亭，另外也會仿製廢墟，以及在新奇點綴下更加完整。

橫濱市英國館位於日本神奈川縣橫濱市中區山手町，是一座西洋館建築，於1937年興建，原本是英國軍駐屯地，1990年被列入橫濱市指定文化財。

「原英國駐上海總領事館」又名「外灘源壹號」，是位於上海市中山東一路33號的外灘源33號其中一部分，也是上海市第二批優秀歷史建築。由兩棟房子組成的建築建於1849年，當時佔地約126畝，在大火摧毀white其後於1873年完成重建，仍存有約58畝綠地。古典式文藝復興府邸風格的建築採用傳統中式蝴蝶瓦屋頂及典型英式花園，領事官邸則位於領事館的北側並穿越長廊相連，立面採用清水磚，底層外圈為劵柱廊。1954年由於中華人民共和國與英國建立外交關係，原建築由機管局使用，1994年被上海市人民政府公佈為第二批上海市建築優秀歷史建築。「原英國駐上海總領事館」最早始建於1849年，為上海現存最早的建築，擁有約58畝較大規模花園綠地，是令觀光客不容錯過的珍貴景點。

車爾奈特山谷鐵路是英格蘭史塔福郡茅草地的一條古老景點，大約從Kingsley和Froghall到Ipstones共有數十公里的路程。2010年，Moorland & City Railways從Network Rail租用了這一段路線，而後被車爾奈特山谷鐵路所購買，沿路的主要站點有Kingsley及Froghall、Consall、Cheddleton和Leek Brook，目前正在朝著Leek鎮延伸東延，到Waterhouses的路程也暫時重新開放。1976年，Cheddleton火車站被收購，初期的保存工作就由Cheshire and Staffordshire Railway Society所負責，後來成為North Staffordshire Railway Society，而Cheddleton Railway Centre就是車爾奈特山谷鐵路的始祖火車站；1988年，英國鐵路停止使用Churnet Valley Line ，隨後NSRC就買下Oakamoor到Leek Brook Junction的段落，1992年，他們成立了一個為名為Churnet Valley Railway plc的慈善組織，1996年，鐵路被授予車站Light Railway了Order，將Leek Brook Junction和Oakamoor Sand Sidings中間的路程連接起來。大多數的車爾奈特山谷鐵路列車都是從Froghall村的Kingsley站出發，經Consall站、Cheddleton站，再回到Kingsley站；Cheddleton是車路的操作總部，有著火車機電車庫、車輛馬車修復車身的工廠，而原為維多利亞時代的火車站也經過修復，並改為North Staffordshire Railway 博物館，仍有售貨亭及訂位處，Consall站則有維多利亞時代的候車室，並可以提供分離停車交叉，Oakamoor有一座以Alton Towers為主題的火車站，現屬於Landmark Trust仍經過修復，另外，當地還有計劃建設一座名為Moneystone的火車站，朝向已建設於Moneystone Quarry上的度假村，未來規劃有把火車站向斯托克橫威爾鐵路站延伸開來，為四周的普通乘客提供轉乘接駁服務。2012年，車爾奈特山谷鐵路公開宣佈，他們負責Leek Brook Junction到Endon站的重建，以及從Oakamoor到Alton Towers的維護修復中，到目前為止，車爾奈特山谷鐵路一直在與Moorlands & City Railways的合作下將始發站和車站還原，並協助工匠的工作。

位於紅毛城東側的前清英國領事官邸，是紅磚、拱廊的洋樓建築，完全不同於紅毛城的城堡風格。領事官邸的磚造建築由英國建築師設計、中國技師施工，並運用中國建材，紅磚樓、拱圈迴廊、斜屋頂和高台階等成功表現出典型殖民地建築的特色。前清英國領事官邸是英國人所建的紅磚二層洋樓，此類十九世紀中期英國人在東亞和南洋通商或殖民時興建的洋樓，一般稱為「殖民地式建築」。南門即外門入口，使用觀音山的石條砌成，洋樓甚有特色前方為一大型草坪，配上主體二層迴廊磚造形式，是英國殖民地流行的「小別莊」(bangalow)式樣，是維多利亞時期風格的洋樓，目前納入紅毛城古蹟區，被列為一級古蹟。正門外磚牆上有12幅磚雕，內容包括象徵英國的薔薇，維多利亞年代的「VR1891」圖案，有臺灣地方風格的綠釉花瓶欄杆、臺基附近的「古錢紋」石刻窗。此外磚柱的邊緣有細緻弧線磨邊、柱頭、柱身及柱礎的形制都模仿希臘石造細部，表現出高度的磚作技術。(資料來源：文化部國家文化資產網)1860年代是臺灣對外開放、列強商人與傳教士登陸的年代，洋行與領事館也在此時建造起來。這種洋房與歐洲的西洋建築不完全相同，而是滲入了熱帶地區防暑的拱廊設計特色。拱廊環繞著房屋，成為標準的洋樓，從新加坡，至澳門、香港、臺灣以至上海、青島，象徵西方勢力的到達。前清英國領事官邸興建於1860至70年代，是東亞僅存少數的較早期洋樓，領事官邸施工技術優異，用材極講究，目前仍完整地保存十九世紀末的耐火鐵製浪板拱，這是鋼筋水泥發明之前身，深具學術研究與欣賞之價值。

打狗英國領事館文化園區包含山上領事館官邸、山下領事館辦公室與登山古道等3處，是英國政府在臺興建的第一座領事館，也是臺灣唯一完整完整保存官邸及辦公室之領事館園區，於2019年經文化部公告升格為國定古蹟。打狗英國領事館官邸建於1879年，座落於港口居高臨下的小山崗上，是臺灣現存年代最久的西式近代建築，更是英國政府在臺灣的第一座領事館；山下的辦公室面對港口並與海關緊鄰，方便領事業務與商業貿易，內設有巡捕房及牢房。園區內保存完整了一條串連官邸及領事館的登山古道，保持完好的石階，遊客可從山下辦公室沿著古道走到山上官邸。見證臺灣殖民地風格建築的變遷1858年天津條約簽訂之後，臺灣被迫逐步開放通商口岸， 英國為拓展對臺灣貿易的經濟利益，於打狗設置領事館，並於1879年完工啟用，官邸設計者為英國人，連續的半圓拱讓整體建築外觀十分有節奏感，轉角處的栱較小而牆柱較大，是力學上的強固作用，竹節狀的落水管則是清末洋樓的特色。山下辦公室卻有著殖民地外廊式建築風格，整體構成為明顯的屋頂、屋身、基座的三段式作法，造型樣式上，正立面強調對稱，迴廊為其重要特色，可能是受到上海殖民地風格建築的影響。手輕撫過打狗英國領事館官邸得每一塊紅磚，都能感受歲月的痕跡，歷史在你的手中，而高雄美景就在腳下，在這個山海交接處，好風景一網打盡。高雄八景之一的「西子夕照」建議造訪打狗英國領事館官邸的最佳時間是下午到傍晚時分。往東望，整個高雄港區的壯麗景觀一覽無遺，高雄85大樓、夢時代摩天輪，形成一幅熱鬧繽紛的現代畫作；向南看，與旗津漁港遙望，漁船、渡輪往返，偶爾傳來汽笛聲，顯得平靜而悠閒。往西望，則是高雄八景之一的「西子夕照」，時而平靜無波、時而波瀾壯闊。園區內更結合了休閒餐飲，讓民眾可以在此用餐、品茶，讓古老建築展現新的浪漫情調。